Temperatures presented a significant drop in the first half of December, after an exceptionally warm autumn, especially in the western half of Europe. Model simulations up to 15 December suggest only minor frost damage to winter crops, limited to some areas in central and eastern Germany and Poland. Conversely, the low temperatures in December allowed a significant improvement of the level of frost tolerance (hardening).
Little negative impacts of extreme weather to winter crops so far
Distinctly warmer-than-usual temperatures continued to prevail in the western and southern Black Sea region, thus allowing late-sown winter crops to partly catch up in development; however, leaving them vulnerable to possible cold intrusions (currently not forecast).
Persistent rain deficits, so far without substantial impacts on winter cereals, are observed in the Baltic Sea region, northern Germany and Poland, as well as in south-eastern Spain and in Türkiye. Drought conditions are still observed in north-western Italy, and throughout the Maghreb region where it is likely to cause a delay to sowing.
Rainfall surplus is observed in Slovenija and Croatia where intense rains may have locally compromised crop establishment.
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